3111 METALS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION …
For some metals, atomic absorption exhibits superior sensitivity over flame emission. Because each metal has its own characteristic absorption wavelength, a source lamp …
5540 SURFACTANTS
5540 A. Introduction 1. Occurrence and Significance Surfactants enter waters and wastewaters mainly by the discharge of aqueous wastes from and industrial laundering and other cleansing operations. A surfactant combines in a single molecule, a strongly hydrophobic group with a strongly hydrophilic one. Such molecules tend to …
Steel Standards
These steel standards are helpful in guiding metallurgical laboratories and refineries, product manufacturers, and other end-users of steel and its variants in their proper …
9222 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE
9222 A. Introduction The membrane filtration (MF) technique1 can be used with a variety of different media for the detection and enumeration of many types of bacteria, including coliforms. The medium used depends on the organisms targeted for detection. The MF procedure is reproducible, can be used to test relatively large sample volumes, and …
Standard Methods
Proper Citation for the 24th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. Lipps WC, Braun-Howland EB, Baxter TE, eds. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 24th ed. Washington DC: …
9215 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT
The heterotrophic plate count method is a traditional microbiological technique described nearly 150 years ago by Robert Koch and has been included in Standard Methods since its first edition. The HPC method is used as a general assessment of the sanitary quality of a water matrix, and as a measure of the efficacy of water treatment and ...
4500-NH3 NITROGEN (AMMONIA)
4500-NH3 A. Introduction 1. Selection of Method The two major factors that influence selection of the method to determine ammonia are concentration and presence of interferences. In general, direct manual determination of low concentrations of ammonia is confined to drinking waters, clean surface or groundwater, and good-quality nitrified …
4500-F
4500-F− A. Introduction Fluoride may occur naturally in water or it may be added in controlled amounts. Some fluorosis may occur when the fluoride level exceeds the recommended limits. In rare instances, the naturally occurring fluoride concentration may approach 10 mg/L. Accurate determination of fluoride has increased in importance with …
2350 OXIDANT DEMAND/REQUIREMENT
2350 A. Introduction 1. Significance and Chemistry Oxidants are added to water supplies and wastewater primarily for disinfection. Other beneficial uses include slime removal, oxidation of undesirable inorganic species (e.g., ferrous ion, reduced manganese, sulfide, and ammonia) and oxidation of organic constituents (e.g., taste- and odor-producing …
Standard Methods | American Water Works Association
Standard Methods is a joint publication of the American Public Health Association (APHA), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the Water Environment Federation (WEF). ... 24th Edition, is a joint publication of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), ... 1300 Eye St. NW Suite 701 Washington, DC 20005 USA Phone: …
6630 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
6630 A. Introduction 1. Sources and Significance The organochlorine pesticides commonly occur in waters that have been affected by agricultural discharges. Some of the listed compounds are degradation products of other pesticides detected by this method. Several of the pesticides are bioaccumulative and relatively stable, as well as toxic or …
GENERAL INFORMATION
Part 3000 - Metals; Part 4000 - Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents; Part 5000 - Aggregate Organic Constituents; ... The content presented here represents the most current version of this section, which was printed in the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. GENERAL INFORMATION
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and …
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 22nd Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1000 INTRODUCTION 1010 INTRODUCTION A. Scope and Application of Methods B. Statistics C. Glossary D. Dilution/Concentration Options 1020 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Introduction B. Quality Control C. Quality Assessment 1030 …
2130 TURBIDITY
2130 A. Introduction 1. Sources and Significance Clarity of water is important in producing products destined for human consumption and in many manufacturing operations. Beverage producers, food processors, and potable water treatment plants drawing from a surface water source commonly rely on fluid-particle separation processes such as …
4500-S2− SULFIDE
4500-S2− A. Introduction 1. Occurrence and Significance Sulfide is often present in groundwater and sediment. It is produced by decomposition of organic matter and bacterial reduction of sulfate. It is sometimes found in industrial or municipal wastewater. Hydrogen sulfide escaping into the air from sulfide-containing wastewater causes odor nuisances. …
3130 METALS BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY
3130 A. Introduction Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) is one of the most sensitive metal analysis techniques. For some metals, ASV is as much as 10 to 100 times as sensitive as electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. This corresponds to detection levels in the nanogram-per-liter range. The technique requires no sample extraction or …
3010 INTRODUCTION
Table 3010:1 lists the methods available in Part 3000 for each metal. 3. Terminology. Acid-extractable metals—The concentration of metals in solution after treatment of an unfiltered sample with hot dilute mineral acid. To determine either dissolved or suspended metals, filter sample immediately after collection. Do not preserve with acid ...
Standard Methods
Buy Print Edition. Browse . Part 1000 - Introduction; Part 2000 - Physical and Aggregate Properties; Part 3000 - Metals; Part 4000 - Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents; Part 5000 - Aggregate Organic Constituents; Part 6000 - Individual Organic Compounds; ... SUBSCRIBE to Standard Methods Online and get: Trusted, vetted content.
1020 QUALITY ASSURANCE
1020 A. Introduction This section is a compilation of quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures or requirements to which Standard Methods sections refer, especially those sections addressing chemical analyses. Radiochemical, toxicity, and microbiological analyses often rely on specific QA and QC requirements presented more …
1080 REAGENT WATER
1080 A. Introduction One of the most important aspects of analysis is preparing the reagent water used for blanks and reagents. Reagent water is water with no detectable concentration of the compound or element to be analyzed (i.e., it is below the analytical method's detection level). Reagent water should also be free of substances that …
3500-Al ALUMINUM
3500-Al A. Introduction 1. Occurrence and Significance Aluminum (Al) is the second element in Group IIIA of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 13, an atomic weight of 26.98, and a valence of 3. The average abundance in the earth's crust is 8.1%; in soils it is 0.9 to 6.5%; in streams it is 400 μg/L; in U.S. drinking waters it is 54 μg/L, and in …
3113 METALS BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION
3113 A. Introduction 1. Applications Electrothermal atomic absorption permits determination of most metallic elements with sensitivities and detection levels from 20 to 1000 times better than those of conventional flame techniques without extraction or sample concentration. This increase in sensitivity results from an increase in atom density within the furnace as …
2540 SOLIDS
2540 A. Introduction Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in potable, surface, and saline waters, as well as domestic and industrial wastewaters. Solids may adversely affect water or effluent quality in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce an unfavorable physiological reaction in the …
PART 4000 TITLE PAGE
Part 3000 - Metals; Part 4000 - Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents ... which was printed in the 24th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and ... American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. part 4000 title page In: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Lipps WC, Baxter TE ...
Standard Methods
"Standard Methods of Sewage Analysis."‡ With minor modifica-tions, these methods were incorporated into the Eighth Edition (1936) of Standard Methods, which was thus …
7110 GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA RADIOACTIVITY (TOTAL
7110 A. Introduction 1. Occurrence a. Natural radioactivity: Uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232 are naturally-occurring radioactive elements. These primordial radionuclides were present at the formation of earth and are ubiquitous trace constituents in the earth's crust. Their radioactive progeny undergo decay by emitting alpha, beta, and gamma …
3120 METALS BY PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
3120 A. Introduction 1. General Discussion Emission spectroscopy using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was developed in the mid-1960s1,2 as a rapid, sensitive, and convenient method for the determination of metals in water and wastewater samples.3–6 Dissolved metals are determined in filtered and acidified samples. Total metals are …
4500-NO
4500-NO3− A. Introduction 1. Selection of Method Nitrate (NO3−) determination can be difficult because of the high probability that interfering constituents are present in various matrices. This section includes numerous methods that can be used to detect NO3−. Consider the advantages and limitations of each method when selecting a test strategy …
Standard Methods
Buy Print Edition. Browse ... Part 1000 - Introduction; Part 2000 - Physical and Aggregate Properties; Part 3000 - Metals; Part 4000 - Inorganic Nonmetallic Constituents; Part 5000 - Aggregate Organic Constituents; Part 6000 - Individual Organic Compounds ... Standard Methods is produced with the combined resources and the collective knowledge ...